Transmission line losses—driven by skin effect and dielectric properties—play a critical role in degrading high-speed signal integrity and eye performance.
Transmission line loss directly affects eye diagram quality, with around −12 dB at Nyquist marking the limit before signal integrity rapidly degrades without equalization.
Everything power. From watts to megawatts, millivolts to kilovolts, milliamps to kiloamps, single-phase to three-phase. From power semiconductor devices (MOSFETs and IGBTs) to inverter subsection to complete power conversion systems. From PDNs and power integrity in an embedded system to utility T&D applications and everything in between.
Attaching multiple probes to the same test point can cause probe loading and interference, leading to inaccurate oscilloscope measurements and distorted waveforms.
Electrical power spans generation, distribution, and consumption—where motors and modern power electronics dominate global energy use and measurement challenges.
AC line power is a rotating voltage vector measured in RMS terms, with peak, peak-to-peak, and rectified values that differ significantly from the familiar “120 VAC” rating.
Three-phase AC voltages consist of three balanced sinusoidal vectors separated by 120°, with measurable differences between line-to-line and line-to-neutral values.
AC line current is a rotating sinusoidal vector—single- or three-phase—whose accurate measurement depends on system configuration and the right choice of current sensor.
Three-phase power is calculated by summing individual phase values, with special considerations for line-to-line measurements, delta windings, and two-wattmeter methods.
